Menu
DMG supplement sublingual 100 mg, 125 mg 500 mg benefit side effects Dimethylglycine, dosage, tablets, latest information by Ray Sahelian, M.D.
December 22 2017
- Dmg And Tmg In Methylation C
- Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Analysis
- Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Houston
- Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Problems
- Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Body
Mar 31, 2015 Dimethylglycine (DMG) and trimethylglycine (TMG) donate methyl groups to the methylation cycle. TMG is needed to recycle homocysteine and help produce SAMe. If DMG is beneficial for your child, note that long term use will slow methylation. After a period of DMG supplementation, it is important to start using TMG and SAMe to optimize this vital. Jun 16, 2015 DMG essentially provides methyl groups for a bodily process called 'methylation.' Some indispensable methylation products include: adrenaline, creatine, carnitine, melatonin, certain neurotransmitters, blood lipids, growth factors, anabolic hormones and the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), from which all components of life are created. Many of these methylation products are intimately. DMG (TMG's metabolite) has been used as a nutritional supplement for over 25 years. In a broad sense, TMG protects the body from many forms of physical, metabolic and environmental stress. Applications include: Immune modulation: Improves antibody response, enhances B- and T.
If you find the field of mind-boosting pills, sex nutrients, and anti-aging interesting, you will certainly want to learn more about DMG (dimethylglycine), TMG (trimethylglycine), and methyl donors. Unless your major is college was chemistry, chances are you don’t remember learning about DMG or methyl donors. A methyl donor is simply any substance that can transfer a methyl group [a carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms (CH3)] to another substance. Methylation is a biochemical process that is essential to life, health, and regeneration of body cells. Vitamins, hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and antibodies depend on the transfer of methyl groups to complete their synthesis. Scientists suspect that proper methylation of DNA may prevent the expression of harmful genes, such as cancer genes. It’s quite likely that our body’s ability to methylate declines with age, contributing to the aging process, and therefore supplementation may well be beneficial. The research in this area is still very early and no firm answers are yet available.
Now Foods, DMG, 125 mg, 100 Capsules
Purchase DMG supplement 100 mg pills, 60 Tablets - Source Naturals
Purchase DMG supplement 100 mg pills, 60 Tablets - Source Naturals
Buy DMG 100 or 125 mg from NOW Foods or Source Naturals or try Mind Power Rx
Supplement Facts | ||
Serving Size: 1 Capsule | ||
Amount Per Serving | % Daily Value | |
N, N-Dimethyl Glycine (DMG) (from N, N-Dimethyl Glycine HCI) | 125 mg | * |
* Daily Value not established. |
Suggested Use, dosage, how much to take: one 100 mg DMG tablet daily, or as recommended by your health care professional.
Some people may require higher dosages such as 125 mg or 200mg but we do not see the need to take 500 mg or more.
Some people may require higher dosages such as 125 mg or 200mg but we do not see the need to take 500 mg or more.
N, N-dimethylglycine, is a nutrient common to many grains and meat.
Serving Size 1 Tablet
DMG - 125 mg
(N,N-Dimethylglycine HCI)
Purchase DMG supplement pills
Serving Size 1 Tablet
DMG - 125 mg
(N,N-Dimethylglycine HCI)
Purchase DMG supplement pills
Mind Power Rx
This natural herbal and nutritional mind enhancer is an effective cognitive formula. Can pcs open dmg files. It combines a delicate balance of brain circulation agents and neurotransmitter precursors with powerful natural brain chemicals that support:
Memory
Mental clarity
Concentration
Alertness and Focus
Memory
Mental clarity
Concentration
Alertness and Focus
The herbs are Ashwagandha, Bacopa, Fo-Ti, Ginkgo biloba extract, Ginseng, Mucuna pruriens, Reishi, and Rhodiola. The nutrients and vitamins in Mind Power Rx include Acetyl-l-carnitine, Carnitine nutrient, Carnosine, Choline, DMAE, Inositol, Methylcobalamin, Pantothenic acid, Trimethylglycine, Tyrosine, and Vinpocetine. Mind Power Rx has TMG, but not DMG. Mind power Rx does not have galantamine or the club moss extract juperzine A.
DMG and other methyl donors, DMG vs TMG
Some nutrients considered to be methyl donors include DMG, TMG, SAM-e, and DMAE. Two of the B vitamins, folic acid and B12, are also considered methyl donors. Methyl donors help in the production of several brain chemicals and hence have an influence on sexual enjoyment, mood, energy, wellbeing, alertness, concentration, and visual clarity.
Some nutrients considered to be methyl donors include DMG, TMG, SAM-e, and DMAE. Two of the B vitamins, folic acid and B12, are also considered methyl donors. Methyl donors help in the production of several brain chemicals and hence have an influence on sexual enjoyment, mood, energy, wellbeing, alertness, concentration, and visual clarity.
DMG (dimethylglycine) is basically the amino acid glycine attached to two methyl groups. It is a normal physiologically active nutrient found in low levels in such foods as cereal grains, liver, and beans. Humans also naturally produce DMG in small amounts. As a nutritional supplement, it acts as a building block for the synthesis of many important substances such as choline, SAM-e, the amino acid methionine, several hormones, neurotransmitters, and DNA.
TMG (trimethylglycine), also known as betaine, is basically the amino acid glycine attached to three methyl groups. Simply, TMG has one more methyl group than DMG.
TMG (trimethylglycine), also known as betaine, is basically the amino acid glycine attached to three methyl groups. Simply, TMG has one more methyl group than DMG.
I am wondering which has the more benefits as far as energy go, DMG vs TMG? Also, are they to be taken with food or without for max benefits?
DMG is usually available under the tongue and works quicker. They both can be taken with or without food. TMG usually provides more energy but each person is unique in their response.
DMG is usually available under the tongue and works quicker. They both can be taken with or without food. TMG usually provides more energy but each person is unique in their response.
Side effects on high dosage
High dosages repeated over several days could cause irritability, insomnia, restlessness, and heart beating faster or heart rhythm disturbances, therefore it is best to use the lowest dosage that works.
High dosages repeated over several days could cause irritability, insomnia, restlessness, and heart beating faster or heart rhythm disturbances, therefore it is best to use the lowest dosage that works.
Q. I just purchased Aangamik DMG 125 mg sublingual tablets. In reading side effects and benefits etc I saw a study done on people with cardio vascular problems which I am told I have. I have two stents put in due to blocked arteries several years ago. Testing since has shown no further problems. Is this a good thing for this type of problem or a bad thing.
A. It is probably best to use a third or so of the pill to see if any changes occur to heart rate and please seek advice from your doctor, also.
A. It is probably best to use a third or so of the pill to see if any changes occur to heart rate and please seek advice from your doctor, also.
Research with DMG supplement
Small studies have found that DMG may help boost some aspects of the immune system. Studies using it for autism have generally not found it to be helpful although there are some anecdotal reports of parents noticing that their autistic children improved by taking these pills.
Small studies have found that DMG may help boost some aspects of the immune system. Studies using it for autism have generally not found it to be helpful although there are some anecdotal reports of parents noticing that their autistic children improved by taking these pills.
Not of any benefit for autism
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial of low dose dimethylglycine in patients with autistic disorder.
J Autism Dev Disord. 1999.
As the treatability of the syndrome of autism becomes more possible there is a great deal more interest in the effectiveness of various therapies. Although the very influential nonmedical literature cited in the Autism Research Review International Newsletter finds that dimethylglycine is regarded as more effective than the usual psychopharmacologic drugs, there have been no studies of DMG using the currently accepted research methodology. We report a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study of low dose DMG and placebo in a sample of eight autistic males ranging in age from 4 years 5 months to 30 years 8 months, who completed the full 3 1/2-month study consisting of drug-free baseline periods at the beginning, end, and in-between two, 1-month double-blind trials in which DMG or placebo was given. Measures included the Campbell-NIMH rating scale, an experimental rating scale, and an individualized scale created for each child. Analysis of all three scales revealed no statistically significant differences, and parent reports were equally distributed. The major methodologic weaknesses of the study are thought to be the low dosage of DMG and the small sample size.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial of low dose dimethylglycine in patients with autistic disorder.
J Autism Dev Disord. 1999.
As the treatability of the syndrome of autism becomes more possible there is a great deal more interest in the effectiveness of various therapies. Although the very influential nonmedical literature cited in the Autism Research Review International Newsletter finds that dimethylglycine is regarded as more effective than the usual psychopharmacologic drugs, there have been no studies of DMG using the currently accepted research methodology. We report a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study of low dose DMG and placebo in a sample of eight autistic males ranging in age from 4 years 5 months to 30 years 8 months, who completed the full 3 1/2-month study consisting of drug-free baseline periods at the beginning, end, and in-between two, 1-month double-blind trials in which DMG or placebo was given. Measures included the Campbell-NIMH rating scale, an experimental rating scale, and an individualized scale created for each child. Analysis of all three scales revealed no statistically significant differences, and parent reports were equally distributed. The major methodologic weaknesses of the study are thought to be the low dosage of DMG and the small sample size.
Heart disease
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013. Plasma dimethylglycine and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in patients with stable angina pectoris. Dimethylglycine is linked to lipid metabolism, and increased plasma levels may be associated with adverse prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. We evaluated the relationship between plasma dimethylglycine and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in a large prospective cohort of patients with stable angina pectoris, of whom approximately two thirds were participants in a B-vitamin intervention trial. Model discrimination and reclassification when adding plasma dimethylglycine to established risk factors were obtained. We also explored temporal changes and the test-retest reliability of plasma dimethylglycine. Four thousand one hundred fifty patients (72% men; median age 62 years) were included. Plasma dimethylglycine was associated with several traditional coronary artery disease risk factors. During a median follow-up of 4.6 years, 343 (8%) patients experienced an acute myocardial infarction. Plasma DMG is independently related to incident acute myocardial infarction and enhances risk prediction in patients with stable angina pectoris. Our results motivate further studies on the relationship between 1-carbon metabolism and atherothrombosis. A potential interplay with lipid and energy metabolism merits particular attention.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013. Plasma dimethylglycine and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in patients with stable angina pectoris. Dimethylglycine is linked to lipid metabolism, and increased plasma levels may be associated with adverse prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. We evaluated the relationship between plasma dimethylglycine and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in a large prospective cohort of patients with stable angina pectoris, of whom approximately two thirds were participants in a B-vitamin intervention trial. Model discrimination and reclassification when adding plasma dimethylglycine to established risk factors were obtained. We also explored temporal changes and the test-retest reliability of plasma dimethylglycine. Four thousand one hundred fifty patients (72% men; median age 62 years) were included. Plasma dimethylglycine was associated with several traditional coronary artery disease risk factors. During a median follow-up of 4.6 years, 343 (8%) patients experienced an acute myocardial infarction. Plasma DMG is independently related to incident acute myocardial infarction and enhances risk prediction in patients with stable angina pectoris. Our results motivate further studies on the relationship between 1-carbon metabolism and atherothrombosis. A potential interplay with lipid and energy metabolism merits particular attention.
Q. On your article on DMG (Dimetylglycine), the study on heart disease says that it is linked with increased risk of myocardial infarction risk. Can you elaborate on this? It seems to suggest that the higher levels of DMG are dangerous, and increases the risk of heart attacks. Can you help me understand?
A. I have only seen one study regarding this association and I do not know what to make of it. As to supplementation with this nutrient, I do not see any problems or harm when it is used occasionally.
A. I have only seen one study regarding this association and I do not know what to make of it. As to supplementation with this nutrient, I do not see any problems or harm when it is used occasionally.
Multiple sclerosis
What is the correct dosage for DMG on MS and where can I get those pills?
I have not seen such research regarding the use of DMG supplements for patients with multiple sclerosis.
What is the correct dosage for DMG on MS and where can I get those pills?
I have not seen such research regarding the use of DMG supplements for patients with multiple sclerosis.
Seizures and epilepsy
My vet has prescribed DMG 100 to 125 mg for my dog who has had seizures in the past. I don't see anywhere on your site where it is mentioned for dogs or seizures. Is there any research to show that it helps with seizures?
One study in humans from 1989 did not show any benefits.
My vet has prescribed DMG 100 to 125 mg for my dog who has had seizures in the past. I don't see anywhere on your site where it is mentioned for dogs or seizures. Is there any research to show that it helps with seizures?
One study in humans from 1989 did not show any benefits.
N,N dimethylglycine and epilepsy.
Epilepsia. 1989. Department of Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Fargo.
Nineteen institutionalized patients with frequent seizures (group average two to three per day; seizure types--generalized, akinetic / myoclonic), were treated randomly with either placebo or N,N dimethylglycine DMG for 28 days. Dosage was 300 mg/day for the first 14 days and then 600 mg/day. No differences in seizure frequency were noted between placebo and DMG or between baseline and test conditions.
Epilepsia. 1989. Department of Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Fargo.
Nineteen institutionalized patients with frequent seizures (group average two to three per day; seizure types--generalized, akinetic / myoclonic), were treated randomly with either placebo or N,N dimethylglycine DMG for 28 days. Dosage was 300 mg/day for the first 14 days and then 600 mg/day. No differences in seizure frequency were noted between placebo and DMG or between baseline and test conditions.
DMG Research studies
DMG Dimethylglycine supplementation does not affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in pre-dialysis chronic renal failure patients.
Clin Biochem. 2004.
Seven pre-dialysis chronic renal failure patients consumed 400 mg of DMG or placebo daily for 28 days. Fasting blood samples and 12-h urine samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each treatment period for analysis. No significant differences were observed in plasma homocysteine, glycine betaine and methionine concentrations between DMG and placebo treatments. Daily supplementation with DMG does not affect plasma homocysteine.
DMG Dimethylglycine supplementation does not affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in pre-dialysis chronic renal failure patients.
Clin Biochem. 2004.
Seven pre-dialysis chronic renal failure patients consumed 400 mg of DMG or placebo daily for 28 days. Fasting blood samples and 12-h urine samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each treatment period for analysis. No significant differences were observed in plasma homocysteine, glycine betaine and methionine concentrations between DMG and placebo treatments. Daily supplementation with DMG does not affect plasma homocysteine.
The effect of short-term dimethylglycine treatment on oxygen consumption in cytochrome oxidase deficiency: a double-blind randomized crossover clinical trial.
J Pediatrics. 2003.
To study the effectiveness of dimethylglycine on oxygen consumption (VO(2)) in children with Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean cytochrome-c oxidase (SLSJ-COX) deficiency. 5 children with SLSJ-COX deficiency, who were stable and old enough to comply with VO(2) measurement, were treated with placebo or DMG for 3 days, and with the alternate treatment after a 2-week washout period. Dietary caloric intake was calculated for 3 days before each measurement. Mean caloric intakes per day were 1562 and 1342 kcal x m(-2) before and during placebo, 1,336 and 1,380 before and during DMG, respectively. DMG was well tolerated and, in all cases, resulted in markedly increased blood DMG levels. Mean VO(2) was lower after administration of either DMG or placebo, but neither difference was statistically significant. There was no detectable effect of DMG treatment on blood levels of lactate, pyruvate, bicarbonate, or pH. This study suggests that treatment with DMG does not substantially change oxygen consumption in children with SLSJ-COX deficiency.
J Pediatrics. 2003.
To study the effectiveness of dimethylglycine on oxygen consumption (VO(2)) in children with Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean cytochrome-c oxidase (SLSJ-COX) deficiency. 5 children with SLSJ-COX deficiency, who were stable and old enough to comply with VO(2) measurement, were treated with placebo or DMG for 3 days, and with the alternate treatment after a 2-week washout period. Dietary caloric intake was calculated for 3 days before each measurement. Mean caloric intakes per day were 1562 and 1342 kcal x m(-2) before and during placebo, 1,336 and 1,380 before and during DMG, respectively. DMG was well tolerated and, in all cases, resulted in markedly increased blood DMG levels. Mean VO(2) was lower after administration of either DMG or placebo, but neither difference was statistically significant. There was no detectable effect of DMG treatment on blood levels of lactate, pyruvate, bicarbonate, or pH. This study suggests that treatment with DMG does not substantially change oxygen consumption in children with SLSJ-COX deficiency.
Dimethylglycine is an anti-stress nutrient with antioxidant properties. Recently, studies have implicated the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals and lipid peroxidation as one of the mechanisms in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. The results suggest that the gastroprotective effect of DMG could be mediated by its free radical scavenging activity and cytoprotection of gastric mucosa
Testimonial
I took 1,400 mg by mistake (misread the directions). The most amazing thing happened. I built and installed a wall to wall laundry shelf, organized a laundry room and painted the room in one day. The reason why this is amazing is because I have been in a couple of car accidents and suffered concussions. My brain has never been the same since. My typical day starts out with my hand on my cheek wondering what I am supposed to do. Literally, I have to figure out what to do and how to do it, such as making a cup of tea, preparing a meal, feeding my dogs. Next I have to figure out what my responsibilities are for the day and how to do them. I have notes around the house to help me know what to do next. After taking DMG I felt like a super human building that shelf and giving the laundry room an overhaul. I knew exactly what to do. I was able to determine what tools I would need. I was able to determine how to do the project and I did the project with ease, excitement and with excellence. Not once did I experience those long frustrating pauses as to what I'm supposed to do and how to accomplish something.
I took 1,400 mg by mistake (misread the directions). The most amazing thing happened. I built and installed a wall to wall laundry shelf, organized a laundry room and painted the room in one day. The reason why this is amazing is because I have been in a couple of car accidents and suffered concussions. My brain has never been the same since. My typical day starts out with my hand on my cheek wondering what I am supposed to do. Literally, I have to figure out what to do and how to do it, such as making a cup of tea, preparing a meal, feeding my dogs. Next I have to figure out what my responsibilities are for the day and how to do them. I have notes around the house to help me know what to do next. After taking DMG I felt like a super human building that shelf and giving the laundry room an overhaul. I knew exactly what to do. I was able to determine what tools I would need. I was able to determine how to do the project and I did the project with ease, excitement and with excellence. Not once did I experience those long frustrating pauses as to what I'm supposed to do and how to accomplish something.
Emails
After reading your very interesting material about TMG and DMG supplements, I was curious as to whether those with bi-polar disease (manic depressives) should be taking this if they take Lithium. I am not bipolar, but I was just curious generally since generally they suffer manic (upper episodes) Lithium seems to level them out.
Those on Lithium who are bipolar should be cautious in using DMG or TMG since they may lead to overstimulation and potentially lead to mania.
After reading your very interesting material about TMG and DMG supplements, I was curious as to whether those with bi-polar disease (manic depressives) should be taking this if they take Lithium. I am not bipolar, but I was just curious generally since generally they suffer manic (upper episodes) Lithium seems to level them out.
Those on Lithium who are bipolar should be cautious in using DMG or TMG since they may lead to overstimulation and potentially lead to mania.
I tried 250 mg of DMG (sublingual) and didn't feel any effect on my mood whatsoever: does it take a few days to work?
Each person is different on the required DMG dosage and how quickly they respond. Also, some people respond to one supplement while others respond to another, it is impossible to predict. Sometimes it takes a few days to notice an effect.
Each person is different on the required DMG dosage and how quickly they respond. Also, some people respond to one supplement while others respond to another, it is impossible to predict. Sometimes it takes a few days to notice an effect.
A friend gave me a few foils of DMG spills while I was in the mountains 9200 feet and she said it was good for altitude sickness. It did cut back on the headaches. I am trying to find out about this supplement. the foil has no brand name just DMG on it lot # 39056 she said you can get DMG supplements at any health food store. If it helped altitude headaches would it help migraines?
We are not aware of studies regarding the role of DMG supplements on altitude sickness or migraine. If your doctor approves, it may be worth a try.
We are not aware of studies regarding the role of DMG supplements on altitude sickness or migraine. If your doctor approves, it may be worth a try.
I am a supplement buyer for a natural foods store in Delaware. I have taken a sublingual form of DMG is that the best way to absorb it? Like vitamin B12? Is it even absorbable in capsule or tablet form. Is there a good source for information as to the best form of supplements and how to best take them?
There is very little human research done with DMG supplements and therefore it is difficult to know the best way to absorb DMG. It does appear that sublingual DMG works well and for the time being this is a good option.
There is very little human research done with DMG supplements and therefore it is difficult to know the best way to absorb DMG. It does appear that sublingual DMG works well and for the time being this is a good option.
I am interested in both DMG and TMG (Trimethylglycine) but I don't know which is the best to imitate the effects of Sam-E which really worked for me but I can't take it because it upsets my stomach and I can't afford it since it's so expensive. I saw on your site that TMG has one more methyl group than DMG is it still as effective as TMG in imitating Sam-E? Also, I read that you should take methionine with both TMG and DMG if you want to imitate the effect of Sam-E and also take B6, B12, and Folic acid. Before I buy either one I just want to know which one you recommend I take if I want to have the same effect of Sam-E and if I need to also take Methionine?
DMG and TMG are not as effective as SAM-e pills in terms of mood lift, but they do offer some benefits. TMG has a longer half life and lasts longer in the body and may be the preferred choice although each person needs to try on their own to see which they prefer. As to the combination with methionine, I have not seen such studies but it is worth a try in the future to see if it adds any further benefits.
DMG and TMG are not as effective as SAM-e pills in terms of mood lift, but they do offer some benefits. TMG has a longer half life and lasts longer in the body and may be the preferred choice although each person needs to try on their own to see which they prefer. As to the combination with methionine, I have not seen such studies but it is worth a try in the future to see if it adds any further benefits.
I have been taking DMG and notice an energy boost and a slight mood boost (not much but a little). I also think it adds some calmness. I will be getting the TMG and methionone soon in the mail and will let you know how it works.
Names | |
---|---|
IUPAC name | |
Other names | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol) | |
ChEBI |
|
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider |
|
DrugBank | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.174 |
MeSH | Betaine |
PubChemCID | |
UNII |
|
| |
| |
Properties | |
C5H11NO2 | |
Molar mass | 117.146 |
Appearance | White solid |
Melting point | 180 °C (356 °F; 453 K)[1] (decomposes) |
Soluble | |
Solubility | Methanol |
Acidity (pKa) | 1.84 |
Pharmacology | |
A16AA06 (WHO) | |
License data |
|
Related compounds | |
Glycine Methylglycine Dimethylglycine | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
verify (what is ?) | |
Infobox references |
Trimethylglycine (TMG) is an amino acid derivative that occurs in plants. Trimethylglycine was the first betaine discovered; originally it was simply called betaine because, in the 19th century, it was discovered in sugar beets.[2] Since then, many other betaines have been discovered, and the more specific name glycine betaine distinguishes this one.
Structure and reactions[edit]
Trimethylglycine is an N-trimethylated amino acid. This quaternary ammonium exists as the zwitterion at neutral pH. Strong acids such as hydrochloric acid convert TMG to various salts, with HCl yielding betaine hydrochloride:
- (CH3)3N+CH2CO−
2 + HCl → [(CH3)3N+CH2CO2H]Cl−
Demethylation of TMG gives dimethylglycine. Degradation of TMG yields trimethylamine, the scent of putrefying fish.
Production and biochemical processes[edit]
Processingsucrose from sugar beets yields glycine betaine as a byproduct. The value of the TMG rivals that of the sugar content in sugar beets.[3]
Biosynthesis[edit]
Dmg And Tmg In Methylation C
In most organisms, glycine betaine is biosynthesized by oxidation of choline in two steps. The intermediate, betaine aldehyde, is generated by the action of the enzyme mitochondrial choline oxidase (choline dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.1). Betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria in mice to betaine by the enzyme betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8).[4][5] In humans betaine aldehyde activity is performed by a nonspecific cystosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme (EC 1.2.1.3) [6]
Biological function[edit]
TMG is an organic osmolyte. Sugar beet was cultivated from Sea beet, which requires osmolytes in order to survive in the salty soils of coastal areas. TMG also occurs in high concentrations (~10 mM) in many marine invertebrates, such as crustaceans and molluscs. It serves as a potent appetitive attractant to generalist carnivores such as the predatory sea-slug Pleurobranchaea californica.[7]
Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Analysis
TMG is an important cofactor in methylation, a process that occurs in every mammalian cell donating methyl groups (-CH3) for other processes in the body. These processes include the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Methylation is also required for the biosynthesis of melatonin and the electron transport chain constituent coenzyme Q10, as well as the methylation of DNA for epigenetics.
The major step in the methylation cycle is the remethylation of homocysteine, a compound which is naturally generated during demethylation of the essential amino acid methionine. Despite its natural formation, homocysteine has been linked to inflammation, depression, specific forms of dementia, and various types of vascular disease. The remethylation process that detoxifies homocysteine and converts it back to methionine can occur via either of two pathways. The pathway present in virtually all cells involves the enzyme methionine synthase (MS), which requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor, and also depends indirectly on folate and other B vitamins. The second pathway (restricted to liver and kidney in most mammals) involves betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) and requires TMG as a cofactor. During normal physiological conditions, the two pathways contribute equally to removal of homocysteine in the body[8]. Further degradation of betaine, via the enzyme dimethylglycine dehydrogenase produces folate, thus contributing back to methionine synthase. Betaine is thus involved in the synthesis of many biologically important molecules, and may be even more important in situations where the major pathway for the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine has been compromised by genetic polymorphisms such as mutations in the MS gene.
TMG in agriculture and aquaculture[edit]
Factory farms supplement fodder with TMG and lysine to increase livestocks' muscle mass (and, therefore, 'carcass yield', the amount of usable meat).
Salmon farms apply TMG to relieve the osmotic pressure on the salmon's cells when workers transfer the fish from freshwater to saltwater.[3][9]
TMG supplementation decreases the amount of adipose tissue in pigs; however, research in human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure.[10]
TMG in the human diet[edit]
Food | TMG (mg/100 g) |
---|---|
Quinoa | 630 |
Spinach | 577 |
360 | |
Lamb's quarters | 332 |
Beetroot | 256 |
Dietary supplement[edit]
Although TMG supplementation decreases the amount of adipose tissue in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet.[10] The Food and Drug Administration of the United States approved anhydrous trimethylglycine (also known by the brand name Cystadane) for the treatment of homocystinuria, a disease caused by abnormally high homocysteine levels at birth.[11] TMG is also used as the hydrochloridesalt (marketed as betaine hydrochloride or betaine HCl). Betaine hydrochloride was once permitted in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as a gastric aid in the United States. US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Section 310.540, which became effective on November 10, 1993, banned betaine hydrochloride from being used in OTC products due to insufficient evidence to classify it as 'generally recognized as safe and effective'.[12]
TMG supplementation may cause diarrhea, stomach upset, or nausea. TMG supplementation lowers homocysteine but also raises LDL-cholesterol.[13]
Other uses: PCR[edit]
Trimethylglycine can act as an adjuvant of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process, and other DNA polymerase-based assays such as DNA sequencing. By an unknown mechanism, it aids in the prevention of secondary structures in the DNA molecules, and prevents problems associated with the amplification and sequencing of GC-rich regions. Trimethylglycine makes guanosine and cytidine (strong binders) behave with thermodynamics similar to those of thymidine and adenosine (weak binders). It has been determined under experiment that it is best used at a final concentration of 1 M.[14]
Speculative uses[edit]
Laboratory studies and two clinical trials have indicated that TMG is a potential treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.[15][16][17]
TMG has been proposed as a treatment for depression. In theory, it would increase S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) by remethylating homocysteine. The same homocysteine-to-methionine result could be achieved by supplementing with folic acid and vitamin B12, methionine then serving as a precursor to synthesis of SAMe. Dmg 101 game boy dimensions 1. SAMe as a dietary supplement has been shown to work as a nonspecific antidepressant.[18]
Research with the goal of developing environmentally safe biomimetic ship coatings is using TMG, among others, as a non-toxic anti-fouling coating.
![Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Dmg And Tmg In Methylation](/uploads/1/2/6/5/126538567/124950543.png)
IEX Ion Exchange Chromatography[edit]
In the book from Amersham Biosciences/GE Healthcare, Ion Exchange Chromatography & Chromatofocusing - Principles and Methods, page 48. 'Zwitterionic additives such as betaine can prevent precipitation and can be used at high concentrations without interfering with the gradient elution'[citation needed]
References[edit]
Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Houston
- ^Acheson, R. M.; Bond, G. J. F. (1956). '52. Addition reactions of heterocyclic compounds. Part II. Phenanthridine and methyl acetylenedicarboxylate in methanol'. J. Chem. Soc. 1956: 246. doi:10.1039/JR9560000246.
- ^Schiweck, Hubert; Clarke, Margaret; Pollach, Günter. 'Sugar'. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_345.pub2.
- ^ abMäkelä, P. (2004). 'Agro-industrial uses of glycinebetaine'. Sugar Tech. 6 (4): 207–212. doi:10.1007/BF02942500.
- ^Kempf, B.; Bremer, E. (1998). 'Uptake and synthesis of compatible solutes as microbial stress responses to high-osmolality environments'. Arch. Microbiol. 170 (5): 319–330. doi:10.1007/s002030050649. PMID9818351.
- ^'BRENDA - Information on EC 1.2.1.8 - betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase'. Brenda-enzymes.org. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
- ^Chern, M. K.; Pietruszko, R. (1999). 'Evidence for mitochondrial localization of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat liver: purification, characterization, and comparison with human cytoplasmic E3 isoenzyme'. Biochem. Cell Biol. 77 (3): 179–187. doi:10.1139/o99-030. PMID10505788.
- ^Gillette, R.; Huang, R. C.; Hatcher, N.; Moroz, L. L. (March 2000). 'Cost-benefit analysis potential in feeding behavior of a predatory snail by integration of hunger, taste, and pain'. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97 (7): 3585–3590. Bibcode:2000PNAS..97.3585G. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3585. PMC16283. PMID10737805.
- ^Finkelstein, J. D. (1998-03-24). 'The metabolism of homocysteine: pathways and regulation'. European Journal of Pediatrics. 157 (S2): S40–S44. doi:10.1007/pl00014300. ISSN0340-6199. PMID9587024.
- ^Xue, M.; Xie, S.; Cui, Y. (2004). 'Effect of a feeding stimulant on feeding adaptation of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), fed diets with replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal'. Aquacult. Res. 35 (5): 473–482. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01041.x.
- ^ abSchwab, U.; Törrönen, A.; Toppinen, L.; et al. (November 2002). 'Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects'. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76 (5): 961–967. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961. PMID12399266.
- ^Holm, P. I.; Ueland, P. M.; Vollset, S. E.; et al. (February 2005). 'Betaine and folate status as cooperative determinants of plasma homocysteine in humans'. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2): 379–385. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000151283.33976.e6. PMID15550695.
- ^'CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21'. U.S. Food & Drug Administration.
- ^Olthof MR, van Vliet T, Verhoef P, Zock PL, Katan MB (2005). 'Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans'. PLoS Med. 2 (5): e135. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020135. PMC1140947. PMID15916468.
- ^Henke, W.; Herdel, K.; Jung, K.; Schnorr, D.; Loening, S. A. (October 1997). 'Betaine improves the PCR amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences'. Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (19): 3957–3958. doi:10.1093/nar/25.19.3957. PMC146979. PMID9380524.
- ^Angulo, P.; Lindor, K. D. (2001). 'Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver: present and emerging therapies'. Semin. Liver Dis. 21 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12931. PMID11296699.
- ^Abdelmalek, M. F.; Sanderson, S. O.; Angulo, P.; et al. (December 2009). 'Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial'. Hepatology. 50 (6): 1818–26. doi:10.1002/hep.23239. PMID19824078.
- ^Miglio, F.; Rovati, L. C.; Santoro, A.; Setnikar, I. (August 2000). 'Efficacy and safety of oral betaine glucuronate in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled prospective clinical study'. Arzneimittelforschung. 50 (8): 722–7. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1300279. PMID10994156.
- ^Mischoulon D, Fava M (2002). 'Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence'. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 76 (5): 1158S–61S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1158s. PMID12420702.
External links[edit]
Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Problems
- USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods – including the data on choline metabolites, such as betaine, in 434 food items.
Dmg And Tmg In Methylation Body
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trimethylglycine&oldid=937657316'